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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Arteries of the Lower Limbs01:24

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
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Epilepsia partialis continua: A review.

Osama Y Muthaffar1, Anas S Alyazidi1

  • 1From the Department of Pediatrics (Muthaffar), From the Faculty of Medicine (Alyazidi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Neurosciences (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)
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Summary

Epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) involves continuous focal motor seizures. Diagnosis requires EEG, MRI, and various work-ups, while management includes antiseizure medications, immunotherapy, or surgery.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) is a rare focal motor seizure disorder.
  • Characterized by continuous, involuntary, rhythmic muscle contractions in a specific body part, lasting hours to days.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of Epilepsia partialis continua (EPC).
  • To summarize diagnostic approaches and treatment recommendations for EPC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on EPC.
  • Summary of diagnostic tools including EEG, MRI, PET scans, and laboratory work-ups.
  • Overview of management strategies: antiseizure medications, immunotherapy, and epilepsy surgery.

Main Results:

  • EPC has diverse etiologies, including structural, infectious, metabolic, genetic, inflammatory, traumatic, and vascular causes.
  • Diagnostic work-up is comprehensive, involving neuroimaging and specific laboratory tests.
  • Management is challenging, often requiring a multi-modal approach.

Conclusions:

  • EPC diagnosis and management require a thorough understanding of its varied causes and presentation.
  • Treatment strategies are tailored to the individual case, with a stepwise approach from medication to surgery.
  • Further research may elucidate more targeted therapies for refractory EPC cases.