Analysis of early intermediate states of the nitrogenase reaction by regularization of EPR spectra

Due to the complexity of the catalytic FeMo cofactor site in nitrogenases that mediates the reduction of molecular nitrogen to ammonium, mechanistic details of this reaction remain under debate. In this study, selenium- and sulfur-incorporated FeMo cofactors of the catalytic MoFe protein component from Azotobacter vinelandii are prepared under turnover conditions and investigated by using different EPR methods. Complex signal patterns are observed in the continuous wave EPR spectra of selenium-incorporated samples, which are analyzed by Tikhonov regularization, a method that has not yet been applied to high spin systems of transition metal cofactors, and by an already established grid-of-error approach. Both methods yield similar probability distributions that reveal the presence of at least four other species with different electronic structures in addition to the ground state E₀. Two of these species were preliminary assigned to hydrogenated E₂ states. In addition, advanced pulsed-EPR experiments are utilized to verify the incorporation of sulfur and selenium into the FeMo cofactor, and to assign hyperfine couplings of ³³S and ⁷⁷Se that directly couple to the FeMo cluster. With this analysis, we report selenium incorporation under turnover conditions as a straightforward approach to stabilize and analyze early intermediate states of the FeMo cofactor.