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Behavior is a product of both the situation (e.g., cultural influences, social roles, and the presence of bystanders) and of the person (e.g., personality characteristics). Subfields of psychology tend to focus on one influence or behavior over others. Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings. In contrast, dispositionism holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors (Heider, 1958).
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Structuralism, an early psychological theory developed by Wilhelm Wundt and his student Edward Bradford Titchener, sought to dissect the human mind into its most fundamental components. Wundt's groundbreaking work in his laboratory set the stage for Titchener to define structuralism's goal as cataloging the "atoms" of the mind—sensations, images, and feelings—akin to how chemists identify elements of matter.
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Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
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A rebuttal on externalism.

Hane Htut Maung1

  • 1Department of Politics Philosophy and Religion, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK h.maung1@lancaster.ac.uk.

Journal of Medical Ethics
|May 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Externalist philosophy raises ethical questions for medical assistance in dying (MAiD) in psychiatric illness by highlighting social factors. This response clarifies that MAiD is not denied but emphasizes societal and clinical responsibilities.

Area of Science:

  • Philosophy of Psychiatry
  • Bioethics
  • Medical Ethics

Background:

  • An externalist perspective on mental disorder suggests that suffering is sustained by environmental factors, including social injustices.
  • This perspective poses an ethical challenge to medical assistance in dying (MAiD) for psychiatric illness.
  • A recent response questioned the relevance of social inequality to the permissibility of psychiatric MAiD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address a misinterpretation of a previous argument concerning externalism and psychiatric MAiD.
  • To clarify the ethical responsibilities associated with providing MAiD for psychiatric conditions.
  • To assert that the focus should not solely be on immediate permissibility but also on broader social and clinical duties.

Main Methods:

Keywords:
euthanasiamental disorderssuicide

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  • Philosophical argumentation and conceptual analysis.
  • Critique of a counterargument regarding the role of social factors in psychiatric MAiD.
  • Reiteration and clarification of the original thesis on externalism and MAiD.

    • Main Results:

    • The original argument does not advocate for denying MAiD to individuals in distress.
    • The response clarifies that the externalist view implies social responsibilities for the state and clinicians.
    • It is argued that neglected psychological and social interventions should be considered alongside MAiD.

    Conclusions:

    • The ethical provision of psychiatric MAiD necessitates addressing social determinants of mental illness.
    • Clinicians have a responsibility to explore all available interventions, including social and psychological ones.
    • A nuanced understanding integrating externalist factors is crucial for ethical MAiD practices in psychiatry.