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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this...
7.9K
The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

The Nitrogen Cycle

52.0K
Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

4.2K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
4.2K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

3.3K
Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
3.3K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

3.8K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
3.8K
Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

3.3K
Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
3.3K

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Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers
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Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

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Ammonium-derived nitrous oxide is a global source in streams.

Shanyun Wang1,2, Bangrui Lan1,2, Longbin Yu1,2

  • 1Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.

Nature Communications
|May 14, 2024
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Ammonia-driven processes, not nitrate, are the main source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural streams. Reducing agricultural ammonium is key to controlling these significant N2O emissions.

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Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
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Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Microbial Ecology
  • Biogeochemistry

Background:

  • Global riverine nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions have surged over the past century.
  • Hyporheic zones in small streams are estimated to contribute ~85% of these emissions.
  • Mechanisms controlling hyporheic N2O production remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify dominant pathways of hyporheic nitrous oxide (N2O) production in agricultural streams.
  • To investigate the role of ammonia and nitrate in N2O generation within stream ecosystems.
  • To provide insights for mitigating N2O emissions from riverine systems.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of N2O fluxes in agricultural streams globally.
  • Correlation analysis between N2O fluxes and ammonia/nitrate concentrations.
  • Metagenomic analysis of microbial communities and N2O metabolic pathways.

Main Results:

  • Ammonia-derived pathways are the dominant source of hyporheic N2O (69.6 ± 2.1%).
  • N2O fluxes positively correlate with ammonia concentrations.
  • Nitrifying bacteria possess more N2O-related genes than denitrifying bacteria.

Conclusions:

  • Ammonia, not nitrate, is the primary driver of hyporheic N2O production in agricultural streams.
  • Mitigating agriculturally derived ammonium is crucial for controlling riverine N2O emissions.
  • Global riverine models require improved representation of ammonia-driven N2O pathways.