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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Thermal Energy Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a quantitative measure of “hot” or “cold”, which depends on the amount of thermal energy. When the atoms and molecules in an object are moving or vibrating quickly, they have a higher average kinetic energy (KE) (or higher thermal energy), and the object is perceived as “hot”, or it is described as being at a...
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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management
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Heat and law enforcement.

A Patrick Behrer1,2, Valentin Bolotnyy3

  • 1Center for Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.

PNAS Nexus
|May 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High temperatures impact criminal justice. Police make fewer arrests, and judges issue harsher sentences on hot days, affecting defendants

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Psychology
  • Criminology
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • High temperatures are increasingly prevalent dueGto climate change.
  • Understanding the impact of environmental factors on human behavior is crucial for policy-making.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of high temperatures on decision-making within the criminal justice system.
  • To analyze how ambient temperature affects police, prosecutors, and judges.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized administrative criminal records from Texas.
  • Employed statistical analysis to correlate temperature data with judicial and law enforcement actions.

Main Results:

  • Police made fewer arrests per reported crime on hotter days.
  • Arrests made on hot days were more likely to be dismissed in court.
  • Judges issued longer sentences and higher fines on hot days, while prosecutors' decisions remained unaffected.

Conclusions:

  • Exposure to high temperatures has significant psychological and cognitive effects.
  • These effects have tangible consequences for criminal defendants interacting with the justice system.