Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Generation and On-Demand Initiation of Acute Ictal Activity in Rodent and Human Tissue
Published on: January 19, 2019
A bicarbonate-rich liquid condensed phase in non-saturated solutions in the absence of divalent cations
Mark A Bewernitz1, Matthew Ginder-Vogel2, Stephan E Wolf3,4
1Physical Sciences Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, United States.
Abstract:
Bicarbonate (HCO3 -) and sodium (Na+)-containing solutions contain droplets of a separate, bicarbonate-rich liquid condensed phase (LCP) that have higher concentrations of HCO3 - relative to the bulk solution in which they reside. The existence and composition of the LCP droplets has been investigated by nanoparticle tracking analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, refractive index measurements and X-ray pair distribution function analysis. The bicarbonate-rich LCP species is a previously unaccounted-for, ionic phenomenon which occurs even in solutions with solely monovalent cations. Its existence requires re-evaluation of models used to describe and model aqueous solution physicochemistry, especially those used to describe and model carbonate mineral formation.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid
Polyprotic Acids
Qualitative Analysis
For instance, group IV...
Ions as Acids and Bases
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer
Extraction: Effects of pH

