Interactome dynamics during heat stress signal transmission and reception

Among evolved molecular mechanisms, cellular stress response to altered environmental conditions to promote survival is among the most fundamental. The presence of stress-induced unfolded or misfolded proteins and molecular registration of these events constitute early steps in cellular stress response. However, what stress-induced changes in protein conformations and protein-protein interactions within cells initiate stress response and how these features are recognized by cellular systems are questions that have remained difficult to answer, requiring new approaches. Quantitative in vivo chemical cross-linking coupled with mass spectrometry (qXL-MS) is an emerging technology that provides new insight on protein conformations, protein-protein interactions and how the interactome changes during perturbation within cells, organelles, and even tissues. In this work, qXL-MS and quantitative proteome analyses were applied to identify significant time-dependent interactome changes that occur prior to large-scale proteome abundance remodeling within cells subjected to heat stress. Interactome changes were identified within minutes of applied heat stress, including stress-induced changes in chaperone systems as expected due to altered functional demand. However, global analysis of all interactome changes revealed the largest significant enrichment in the gene ontology molecular function term of RNA binding. This group included more than 100 proteins among multiple components of protein synthesis machinery, including mRNA binding, spliceosomes, and ribosomes. These interactome data provide new conformational insight on the complex relationship that exists between transcription, translation and cellular stress response mechanisms. Moreover, stress-dependent interactome changes suggest that in addition to conformational stabilization of RNA-binding proteins, adaptation of RNA as interacting ligands offers an additional fitness benefit resultant from generally lower RNA thermal stability. As such, RNA ligands also serve as fundamental temperature sensors that signal stress through decreased conformational regulation of their protein partners as was observed in these interactome dynamics.