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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

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Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists01:27

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5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

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Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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All neuromuscular blocking agents are injected intravenously because they are poorly absorbed from the GI tract. Rapid onset is achieved with intravenous administration, although absorption is also adequate from an intramuscular injection. Since these agents are highly ionized, they do not readily penetrate cell membranes or cross the blood-brain barrier.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Intracerebroventricular Treatment with Resiniferatoxin and Pain Tests in Mice
06:04

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Rolapitant.

Dennis J Cada1, Ross Bindler2, Danial E Baker3

  • 1Founder and Contributing Editor, The Formulary.

Hospital Pharmacy
|May 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Formulary Monograph Service provides monthly drug monographs and utilization evaluations for Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. This service aids in informed drug selection and safe medication use for healthcare facilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Clinical Pharmacy
  • Drug Information

Background:

  • Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees require timely, evidence-based drug information.
  • New drug approvals and late-stage trials necessitate comprehensive evaluations.
  • Effective medication use evaluations (MUE) are crucial for patient safety and formulary management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees with detailed monographs on new and investigational drugs.
  • To offer concise summaries for pharmacy and nursing staff education.
  • To deliver comprehensive drug utilization evaluations (DUE/MUE) for formulary management.

Main Methods:

  • Publication of 5-6 detailed monographs monthly covering newly released or Phase 3 drugs.
  • Inclusion of 1-page summary monographs for broader staff education.
  • Generation of a comprehensive drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) each month.
  • Monthly drug class reviews integrated into the service.

Main Results:

  • Subscribers receive print and online access to monographs and evaluations.
  • Monographs are customizable to specific healthcare facility needs.
  • The February 2016 issue featured monographs on mepolizumab, cobimetinib, glycopyrrolate, indacaterol/glycopyrrolate, and coagulation factor X (human).
  • A Safety MUE focused on mepolizumab was included.

Conclusions:

  • The Formulary Monograph Service supports informed decision-making for drug selection and use.
  • The service enhances medication safety through comprehensive DUE/MUE.
  • Regular updates and customizable content meet the evolving needs of healthcare professionals.