Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Carrier Transport01:21

Carrier Transport

432
The generation of electrical current in semiconductors is fundamentally driven by two mechanisms: drift and diffusion. These processes are essential for the functionality and performance of semiconductor-based devices.
Drift Current:
The drift of charge carriers is started by an external electric field (E). Charged particles, such as electrons and holes, experience an acceleration between collisions with lattice atoms. For electrons, this results in a drift velocity (vd) given by:
432
Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble01:13

Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble

1.7K
The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.
1.7K
Electrostatic Boundary Conditions01:16

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions

470
Consider an external electric field propagating through a homogeneous medium. When the electric field crosses the surface boundary of the medium, it undergoes a discontinuity. The electric field can be resolved into normal and tangential components. The amount by which the field changes at any boundary is given by the difference between the field components above and below the surface boundary.
The surface integral of an electric field is given by Gauss's law in integral form and is related to...
470
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

565
The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
565
Boundary Conditions for Current Density01:25

Boundary Conditions for Current Density

860
Current density becomes discontinuous across an interface of materials with different electrical conductivities. The normal component of the current density is continuous across the boundary.
860
P-N junction01:11

P-N junction

519
A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...
519

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Gas Bubble Stabilization Limits Tetraalkylammonium-Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution.

ACS catalysis·2026
Same author

Molecular Mechanisms behind Nonmonotonic Surface Tensions of Binary Aqueous <i>n</i>-Diol Mixtures.

The journal of physical chemistry. B·2026
Same author

Dual-Site Adsorption in Hygro-Expansion of Paper.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2026
Same author

Impacting spheres: from liquid drops to elastic beads.

Soft matter·2026
Same author

Stood-up drop to determine receding contact angles.

Soft matter·2025
Same author

Upstream motion of oil droplets in co-axial Ouzo flow due to Marangoni forces.

Soft matter·2025
Same journal

Costunolide ameliorates autoimmune uveitis by targeting USP15 to suppress TNF-α-induced retinal endothelial inflammation.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

A ligandable PNT domain establishes ERG as a directly targetable oncogenic driver in prostate cancer.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Identification of cellular intermediates unveils unique enzymes for flagellar glycan biosynthesis in <i>Clostridioides difficile</i>.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

The structure of correlated variability reflects task-relevant information in sensory neurons.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Shared neurogenetic substrates of nonplanning impulsivity and procrastination.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

HIV-1 capsid interactions with Nuclear Pore Complex components support nuclear entry via affinity gradient.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Probing Surface Electrochemical Activity of Nanomaterials using a Hybrid Atomic Force Microscope-Scanning Electrochemical Microscope AFM-SECM
08:31

Probing Surface Electrochemical Activity of Nanomaterials using a Hybrid Atomic Force Microscope-Scanning Electrochemical Microscope AFM-SECM

Published on: February 10, 2021

6.9K

Threshold current density for diffusion-controlled stability of electrolytic surface nanobubbles.

Yixin Zhang1, Xiaojue Zhu2, Jeffery A Wood3

  • 1Physics of Fluids Group, Max Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics and Johannes Martinus Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|May 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding nanobubble stability on electrodes is key for efficient water electrolysis. A threshold current density determines if nanobubbles remain stable or grow uncontrollably, impacting electrode performance.

Keywords:
electrolysisnanobubblenanofluidics

More Related Videos

A Microfluidic System with Surface Patterning for Investigating Cavitation Bubble(s)&#8211;Cell Interaction and the Resultant Bioeffects at the Single-cell Level
11:14

A Microfluidic System with Surface Patterning for Investigating Cavitation Bubble(s)–Cell Interaction and the Resultant Bioeffects at the Single-cell Level

Published on: January 10, 2017

11.7K
Creating Sub-50 Nm Nanofluidic Junctions in PDMS Microfluidic Chip via Self-Assembly Process of Colloidal Particles
11:13

Creating Sub-50 Nm Nanofluidic Junctions in PDMS Microfluidic Chip via Self-Assembly Process of Colloidal Particles

Published on: March 13, 2016

10.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Probing Surface Electrochemical Activity of Nanomaterials using a Hybrid Atomic Force Microscope-Scanning Electrochemical Microscope AFM-SECM
08:31

Probing Surface Electrochemical Activity of Nanomaterials using a Hybrid Atomic Force Microscope-Scanning Electrochemical Microscope AFM-SECM

Published on: February 10, 2021

6.9K
A Microfluidic System with Surface Patterning for Investigating Cavitation Bubble(s)&#8211;Cell Interaction and the Resultant Bioeffects at the Single-cell Level
11:14

A Microfluidic System with Surface Patterning for Investigating Cavitation Bubble(s)–Cell Interaction and the Resultant Bioeffects at the Single-cell Level

Published on: January 10, 2017

11.7K
Creating Sub-50 Nm Nanofluidic Junctions in PDMS Microfluidic Chip via Self-Assembly Process of Colloidal Particles
11:13

Creating Sub-50 Nm Nanofluidic Junctions in PDMS Microfluidic Chip via Self-Assembly Process of Colloidal Particles

Published on: March 13, 2016

10.7K

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Surface Science
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Surface micro/nanobubbles on gas-evolving electrodes hinder water electrolysis efficiency.
  • Understanding bubble stability mechanisms is crucial for improving electrode performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the diffusion-controlled evolution of single electrolytic nanobubbles on nanoelectrodes.
  • Determine the factors influencing nanobubble stability and detachment.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular simulations on wettability-patterned nanoelectrodes with hydrophobic nucleation sites.
  • Continuum numerical simulations (finite difference and immersed boundary methods) for larger systems.

Main Results:

  • A threshold current density was identified, distinguishing stable from unstable nanobubbles.
  • Below the threshold, nanobubbles reach equilibrium; above it, they grow and may detach.
  • Increased pinning length enhances nanobubble instability.

Conclusions:

  • An extended stability theory accurately predicts nanobubble behavior and threshold current density.
  • Simulation results align with theoretical predictions for nanobubble dynamics.
  • The findings provide insights into optimizing water electrolysis by controlling nanobubble formation.