The diverse dependence of galectin-1 and -8 on multivalency for the modulation of FGFR1 endocytosis

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is a N-glycosylated cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase, which upon recognition of specific extracellular ligands, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), initiates an intracellular signaling. FGFR1 signaling ensures homeostasis of cells by fine-tuning essential cellular processes, like differentiation, division, motility and death. FGFR1 activity is coordinated at multiple steps and unbalanced FGFR1 signaling contributes to developmental diseases and cancers. One of the crucial control mechanisms over FGFR1 signaling is receptor endocytosis, which allows for rapid targeting of FGF-activated FGFR1 to lysosomes for degradation and the signal termination. We have recently demonstrated that N-glycans of FGFR1 are recognized by a precise set of extracellular galectins, secreted and intracellular multivalent lectins implicated in a plethora of cellular processes and altered in immune responses and cancers. Specific galectins trigger FGFR1 clustering, resulting in activation of the receptor and in initiation of intracellular signaling cascades that shape the cell physiology. Although some of galectin family members emerged recently as key players in the clathrin-independent endocytosis of specific cargoes, their impact on endocytosis of FGFR1 was largely unknown.Here we assessed the contribution of extracellular galectins to the cellular uptake of FGFR1. We demonstrate that only galectin-1 induces internalization of FGFR1, whereas the majority of galectins predominantly inhibit endocytosis of the receptor. We focused on three representative galectins: galectin-1, -7 and -8 and we demonstrate that although all these galectins directly activate FGFR1 by the receptor crosslinking mechanism, they exert different effects on FGFR1 endocytosis. Galectin-1-mediated internalization of FGFR1 doesn't require galectin-1 multivalency and occurs via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, resembling in this way the uptake of FGF/FGFR1 complex. In contrast galectin-7 and -8 impede FGFR1 endocytosis, causing stabilization of the receptor on the cell surface and prolonged propagation of the signals. Furthermore, using protein engineering approaches we demonstrate that it is possible to modulate or even fully reverse the endocytic potential of galectins.