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    A novel pill-sized capsule enables automatic intestinal fluid sampling and active locomotion using hydrogels and magnetic fields. This technology advances gut microbiome research for nutrition and chronic diseases without onboard electronics.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Gastroenterology
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Pill-sized capsules offer non-invasive intestinal fluid sampling for gut microbiome studies.
    • Integrating automatic sampling and active locomotion in capsules is challenging due to space limitations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel hybrid hydrogel-magnet actuated capsule for site-specific gut microbiome sampling.
    • To achieve automatic fluid sampling triggered by pH changes and active locomotion via magnetic fields.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabricated two capsule designs (A: 31 μL, B: 41 μL) with pH-responsive hydrogels.
    • Tested automatic sampling in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids.
    • Evaluated active locomotion using an external rotating magnetic field and performed seal tests.

    Main Results:

    • Automatic sampling occurred in simulated intestinal fluid within 6-15 hours.
    • Active locomotion (rotation, rolling, tumbling) was achieved at 10 mT magnetic field.
    • Oil piston seals proved superior to water seals for contamination mitigation.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed capsule successfully integrates multi-functionality (sampling and locomotion) in a compact design.
    • This technology eliminates the need for onboard electronics or external triggers for capsule sampling.
    • The capsule shows promise for advancing gut microbiome research in nutrition and chronic diseases.