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Related Concept Videos

The Scientific Method01:32

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves formulating a question based on observation, developing a testable potential explanation for the observation (called a hypothesis), making and testing predictions based on the hypothesis, and using the findings to create new hypotheses and predictions.Generally, predictions are tested using carefully-designed experiments. Based on the outcome of these...
Free Energy01:21

Free Energy

Free energy—abbreviated as G for the scientist Gibbs who discovered it—is a measurement of useful energy that can be extracted from a reaction to do work. It is the energy in a chemical reaction that is available after entropy is accounted for. Reactions that take in energy are considered endergonic and reactions that release energy are exergonic. Plants carry out endergonic reactions by taking in sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Animals, in turn, break down the...
In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

Speciation can proceed at markedly different rates, and evolutionary biologists commonly describe these differences through the models of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. Both patterns explain how new species arise, but they differ in the tempo and continuity of evolutionary change. In both cases, evolutionary change arises from heritable variation within populations, with natural selection often shaping traits that improve survival and reproduction under specific environmental conditions.
Keystone Species01:39

Keystone Species

Measures of species biodiversity, such as richness (i.e., the number of species present) and evenness (i.e., their relative abundance), describe an ecological community’s structure. Many factors affect community structure, including abiotic factors (e.g., sunlight and nutrients), disturbances (e.g., fire or flood), species interactions (e.g., predation or competition), and chance events (e.g., foreign species invasion). Certain species—such as keystone species—also play a pivotal role in the...
The Scientific Method02:40

The Scientific Method

Research is what makes the difference between facts and opinions. Facts are observable realities, and opinions are personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate. In the scientific community, facts can be established only using evidence collected through empirical research.

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Small and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies of Biological Macromolecules in Solution
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    This collection presents key scientific discoveries across various fields. Explore groundbreaking research and significant advancements published in the esteemed Science family of journals.

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    Area of Science:

    • Broad scientific research
    • Interdisciplinary science
    • Scientific breakthroughs

    Background:

    • The Science family of journals is a leading publisher of high-impact research.
    • Disseminating cutting-edge scientific findings is crucial for global progress.
    • This highlights recent significant contributions to various scientific disciplines.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To showcase pivotal research across the scientific spectrum.
    • To provide a concise overview of major advancements.
    • To inform a diverse audience about impactful scientific discoveries.

    Main Methods:

    • Curated selection of studies from the Science family of journals.
    • Emphasis on research with broad implications.
    • Focus on novelty and significance.

    Main Results:

    • Presentation of diverse scientific achievements.
    • Illustrates the breadth of current scientific inquiry.
    • Demonstrates significant progress in multiple fields.

    Conclusions:

    • The Science family of journals continues to be a vital source of groundbreaking research.
    • These highlights underscore the dynamic nature of scientific exploration.
    • Continued dissemination of such research is essential for future innovation.