Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 26, 2025
08:49
Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions
Published on: February 17, 2019
6.5K
Extremely large water droplet impact onto a deep liquid pool
Sandip Dighe1, Dilip Kumar Maity1, Jeffrey N Fonnesbeck1
1Mechanical Engineering Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Physical Review. E
|May 17, 2024
Summary
Large droplet impacts (1-6 cm) into water create cavities whose depth and width depend on droplet shape and height. Oblate droplets reduce cavity depth due to lower impact energy flux.
Area of Science:
- Fluid dynamics
- Physics of liquids
Background:
- Previous research on droplet impact is limited to small droplet sizes (up to 0.27 cm).
- The influence of droplet shape on impact dynamics is less understood for larger scales.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the impact dynamics of extremely large water droplets (1-6 cm diameter) on a liquid pool.
- To determine how droplet shape and impact parameters influence cavity formation.
Main Methods:
- Experimental study of large water droplet impacts on a water pool.
- Analysis of cavity dimensions (depth and width) in relation to droplet characteristics.
Main Results:
- Cavity depth and width are significantly influenced by the droplet's deformed shape (prolate, spherical, oblate) at impact.
- Maximum cavity depth is a function of the Froude number and axis ratio.
- Cavity depth is more dependent on droplet height than width; maximum cavity diameter is independent of droplet height.
- More oblate droplets lead to decreased cavity depths for a fixed liquid volume due to reduced impact energy flux.
Conclusions:
- Droplet shape and impact parameters critically affect cavity formation for large droplet impacts.
- Understanding these dynamics is crucial for applications involving large-scale liquid interactions.
Related Concept Videos
01:13Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble
1.7K
The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.
1.7K
01:07Cohesion
54.2K
Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a...
On a...
54.2K
02:57Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity
27.7K
Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
27.7K
01:22Surface Tension of Fluid
270
Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies...
Surface tension varies...
270
01:16Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control
774
In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
774
01:12Precipitation Processes
446
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
446