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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Ionic Bonds

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When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Opening and Constructing Stable Lithium-ion Channels within Polymer Electrolytes.

Yangmingyue Zhao1, Libo Li1, Da Zhou1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a flexible solid-state polymer electrolyte for safer lithium-ion batteries. This new material enhances battery stability and performance, offering improved cycling and thermal resistance.

Keywords:
facilitate lithium-ion migrationin situ constructionlithium-ion batterieslithium-ion channelsolid-state polymer electrolyte

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Lithium-ion batteries are crucial but require improved safety and cycling stability.
  • Current electrolytes face challenges in achieving high performance and security.
  • Solid-state electrolytes offer a promising alternative for safer battery designs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a secure and flexible solid-state polymer electrolyte (SPE).
  • To enhance the safety and cycling stability of lithium-ion batteries.
  • To investigate the properties and performance of a novel SPE based on allyl acetoacetate.

Main Methods:

  • In situ polymerization of allyl acetoacetate (AAA) monomers to create the SPE.
  • Characterization of the SPE's ionic conductivity, Li+ transport number, and thermal stability.
  • Fabrication and electrochemical testing of solid-state batteries using the developed SPE.

Main Results:

  • The developed SPE demonstrated excellent thermal stability and ionic conductivity (3.82×10⁻⁴ S/cm at RT).
  • It facilitated efficient Li+ transport and improved solid-solid interface contact, reducing interfacial impedance.
  • Batteries exhibited an initial discharge capacity of 140.6 mAh/g at 0.5C with 70% retention after 500 cycles, and 132.3 mAh/g at 5C.

Conclusions:

  • The novel SPE based on poly(allyl acetoacetate) (PAAA) significantly enhances lithium-ion battery safety and cycling stability.
  • The material's structure, featuring oxygen vacancies and C=O sites, promotes rapid Li+ migration.
  • This advancement offers a viable pathway towards high-performance and secure solid-state batteries.