Embedded Bioprinting of Tissue-like Structures Using κ-Carrageenan Sub-Microgel Medium

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Tissue Engineering
• Bioprinting Technology

Background:

• Embedded 3D bioprinting requires specialized hydrogel supporting baths for creating biomimetic scaffolds.
• Challenges exist in optimizing gel properties for precise bioink deposition, cell viability, and construct integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

• To develop a novel κ-carrageenan sub-microgel supporting bath for enhanced embedded 3D bioprinting.
• To evaluate the material properties and performance of the κ-carrageenan microgel for tissue fabrication.

Main Methods:

• Fabrication of κ-carrageenan sub-microgels via mechanical grinding.
• Characterization of microgel rheological properties (Bingham flow, shear-thinning).
• Assessment of gel-sol transition, self-healing, and post-printing removal.

Main Results:

• Homogeneous sub-microgels with Bingham flow and shear-thinning behavior were produced.
• The microgel bath facilitated smooth bioink deposition and maintained construct integrity.
• Printed constructs showed high cell viability (92%) and robust cell proliferation.

Conclusions:

• The novel κ-carrageenan microgel bath is a promising material for high-quality embedded 3D bioprinting.
• This strategy supports the development of complex, cell-laden tissue constructs for regenerative medicine.
• The material's properties are suitable for advanced in vitro tissue and organ fabrication.