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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells
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NK-cell receptor modulation in viral infections.

Marzena Lenart1, Magdalena Rutkowska-Zapała1, Maciej Siedlar1

  • 1Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka, Krakow, Poland.

Clinical and Experimental Immunology
|May 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Natural killer (NK) cells control viral infections via germ-line encoded receptors. Understanding NK cell receptor modulation in infections like SARS-CoV-2 is key for new antiviral therapies.

Keywords:
NK cellsNK-cell receptorsactivating receptorsinhibitory receptorsviral infections

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Natural killer (NK) cells are crucial for innate immunity against viral infections.
  • NK cell function relies on a balance between activating and inhibitory surface receptors.
  • Receptor expression changes during viral infections, influencing NK cell responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review NK cell receptor roles in viral infection control.
  • To summarize NK cell receptor expression alterations in acute and chronic infections.
  • To discuss SARS-CoV-2-mediated NK cell receptor modulation and therapeutic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of NK cell receptor biology and viral infections.
  • Analysis of NK cell receptor expression changes in various viral infections.
  • Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 effects with other human viral pathogens.

Main Results:

  • NK cell receptor expression is modulated during viral infections, affecting cell activation, memory differentiation, or exhaustion.
  • SARS-CoV-2 specifically alters NK cell receptor expression.
  • Therapeutic targeting of NK cell receptors shows promise for antiviral strategies.

Conclusions:

  • NK cell receptors are critical in antiviral defense and are modulated by viruses.
  • Further research into NK cell receptor biology is needed for effective antiviral therapies.
  • Targeting NK cell receptors offers a promising avenue for novel antiviral treatments.