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Related Concept Videos

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
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Ribosomes01:27

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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Protein Complex Assembly

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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Eukaryotic Polyribosome Profile Analysis
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Eukaryotic Ribosome Assembly.

Arnaud Vanden Broeck1, Sebastian Klinge1

  • 1Laboratory of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA;

Annual Review of Biochemistry
|May 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy reveal the intricate mechanisms of eukaryotic ribosome assembly. This review details yeast and human ribosomal subunit formation, highlighting RNA folding and proofreading processes.

Keywords:
RNA foldingcryo–electron microscopyeukaryotic ribosomerRNA processingribosome assemblyribosome biogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis is a complex process involving numerous assembly factors.
  • Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has revolutionized the study of ribosome assembly intermediates.
  • Understanding ribosome assembly is crucial for cellular function and disease research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of eukaryotic ribosome assembly mechanisms.
  • To highlight recent structural and biochemical findings in ribosome biogenesis.
  • To discuss key concepts such as RNA folding, assembly chronology, and proofreading.

Main Methods:

  • Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) for structural determination.
  • Biochemical assays to study factor function and interactions.
  • Genetic approaches to identify and characterize assembly factors.
  • Bioinformatics and computational modeling.

Main Results:

  • Detailed structures of numerous ribosome assembly intermediates have been determined.
  • Key roles of specific assembly factors in guiding RNA folding and subunit association are elucidated.
  • Mechanisms for enforced assembly chronology and enzyme-mediated transitions are identified.
  • Evidence for proofreading mechanisms ensuring fidelity of ribosome assembly.

Conclusions:

  • Eukaryotic ribosome assembly is a highly regulated, stepwise process.
  • Structural and biochemical data provide a dynamic view of ribosome biogenesis.
  • Further research will continue to refine our understanding of this fundamental cellular process.