The "Difficult" Inpatient, a Qualitative Study of Physician Perspectives

Previous studies exploring difficult inpatients have mostly focused on psychiatric inpatients.

To explore the characteristics of difficult medicine inpatients.

Qualitative study using focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Transcripts were recorded, transcribed, and coded (MAXQDA) using thematic content analysis.

Medicine inpatient providers at a tertiary care facility.

Our sample consisted of 28 providers (6 hospitalists, 10 medicine attendings, 6 medicine residents, and 6 interns). Theme 1: Provider experience: Difficult inpatients were time-consuming and evoked emotional responses including frustration and dysphoria. Theme 2: Patient characteristics: Included having personality disorders or mental health issues, being uncooperative, manipulative, angry, demanding, threatening, or distrustful. Difficult patients also had challenging social situations and inadequate support, unrealistic care expectations, were self-destructive, tended to split care-team messages, and had unclear diagnoses. Theme 3: Difficult families: Shared many characteristics of difficult patients including being distrustful, demanding, manipulative, threatening, or angry. Difficult families were barriers to care, disagreed with the treatment plan and each other, did not act in the patient's best interest, suggested inappropriate treatment, or had unrealistic expectations.

Approaches to dealing with difficult patients or families included building trust, being calm, and having a consistent message. Communication approaches included naming the emotion, empathetic listening, identifying patient priorities and barriers, and partnering.

Difficult patients induced emotional responses, dysphoria, and self-doubt among providers. Underlying personality disorders were often mentioned. Difficult patients and families shared many characteristics. Communication and training were highlighted as key strategies.