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Halogens

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.

Variables Affecting Phosphorescence and Fluorescence

Variables Affecting Phosphorescence and Fluorescence

Fluorescence and phosphorescence are essential phenomena in fields like analytical chemistry, biological imaging, and materials science, where they detect molecular properties and visualize cellular structures. Understanding the variables that influence these luminescent behaviors is crucial for maximizing accuracy and efficiency in their applications. These variables can broadly be grouped into chemical structure, solvent properties, and external conditions, each playing a distinct role in...

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Published on: February 27, 2017

Influence of F-Containing Materials on Perovskite Solar Cells.

Kaiwen Dong¹, Lina Zhu¹, Guangyue Yang¹

¹College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China.

|May 21, 2024

Summary

Fluorine-containing materials enhance perovskite solar cell (PSC) performance and stability by modifying interfaces and bulk properties. This review details their application for efficient and durable PSCs.

Keywords:

fluorine-containing materials interface modification perovskite solar cells

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2025

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Renewable Energy
Photovoltaics

Background:

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) require modification for improved performance and longevity.
Interface modification and bulk doping are key strategies for PSC enhancement.
Fluorine (F)-containing materials offer unique hydrophobicity and coordination properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the characteristics of fluorine.
To discuss the principles of using F-containing materials to boost PSC performance and stability.
To summarize recent advancements in applying F-containing materials to PSC interfaces.

Main Methods:

Literature review of F-containing materials in PSCs.
Analysis of F properties and their impact on PSCs.
Systematic summary of progress in F-modified interface layers.

Main Results:

F-containing materials improve PSCs through interface and bulk modification.
Hydrophobicity and coordination ability of F are crucial for performance.
Recent progress shows effective application of F materials on key PSC interfaces.

Conclusions:

F-containing materials are vital for developing efficient and stable PSCs.
Understanding F's role provides insights for future PSC development.
This review offers guidance for the application of F materials in next-generation PSCs.