Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

6.4K
The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
6.4K
Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

Decision Making: Traditional Method

4.0K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
4.0K
Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

106
Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
106
Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

Decision Making: P-value Method

5.3K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can...
5.3K
The Availability Heuristic01:08

The Availability Heuristic

6.0K
A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
6.0K
Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

88
In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant...
88

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same journal

Dynamic properties of Kermack-McKendrick-like models.

PloS one·2026
Same journal

Embedding routine hearing health checks within existing Meals on Wheels services - A protocol for the SOUND-BITES Program pilot study.

PloS one·2026
Same journal

Molecular diversity of deep-sea fishes (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) in the western South Atlantic: A high diversity and new findings revealed by DNA barcoding.

PloS one·2026
Same journal

A human 3D BBB chip model of acute stroke simulating a reversible penumbra.

PloS one·2026
Same journal

Research on the application of LLaVA model based on QLoRA fine-tuning in medical teaching.

PloS one·2026
Same journal

Aggregation processes in customer rating systems - Insights from an economic decision experiment.

PloS one·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats
09:12

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats

Published on: March 17, 2019

9.5K

The active time model of concurrent choice.

J Mark Cleaveland1

  • 1Department of Psychological Science, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States of America.

Plos One
|May 21, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The active time model (ATM) explains concurrent choice behavior using the time since the last response as a key factor. This new model successfully accounts for various data sets, outperforming existing operant conditioning models.

Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Psychology
  • Operant Conditioning
  • Mathematical Modeling

Background:

  • Concurrent choice behavior is fundamental to understanding decision-making.
  • Existing models like melioration, SET, and momentary maximization have limitations in explaining complex choice patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce and validate the active time model (ATM) for concurrent choice.
  • Compare ATM's predictive power against established operant conditioning models.
  • Investigate the underlying determinants of operant choice.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a steady-state, semi-Markov process model (ATM).
  • Defined 'active time' as the interval since the last response, influencing switch/stay probabilities.
  • Compared ATM predictions with empirical data and other models (melioration, SET, momentary maximization).

More Related Videos

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

693
Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
07:07

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

8.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats
09:12

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats

Published on: March 17, 2019

9.5K
The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

693
Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
07:07

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

8.6K

Main Results:

  • ATM accurately predicts preferences in concurrent variable-interval (VI) VI schedules.
  • The model accounts for molecular choice patterns, switching, perseveration, and molar choice proportions.
  • ATM demonstrates superior fit compared to melioration, SET, and momentary maximization.

Conclusions:

  • The active time model provides a robust framework for understanding concurrent choice.
  • Operant choice is likely multiply-determined, not explained by a single model.
  • An adaptive viewpoint is crucial for interpreting animal choice and experimental procedures.