Bisphenol S exposed changes in intestinal microflora and metabolomics of freshwater crayfish, Procambarus clarkii

Bisphenol S (BPS), a typical endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), can cause hepatopancreas damage and intestinal flora disturbance. Comprehensive studies on the mechanisms of acute toxicity in crustaceans are lacking. In this study, 16S rRNA and liquid chromatography were used to investigate intestinal microbiota and metabolites of freshwater crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). In this study, freshwater crayfish were exposed to BPS (10 µg/L and 100 µg/L). The results showed a significant decrease in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities after exposure to BPS, which inhibited the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway and induced oxidative stress toxicity in freshwater crayfish. In addition, BPS exposure induced the structural changes of intestinal microbial in the freshwater crayfish, showing different patterns of effects. The number of potentially pathogenic bacteria increased, such as Citrobacter, Hafnia-Obesumbacterium, and RsaHf231. A total of 128 different metabolites were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The inositol and leukotriene (LT) contents in the hepatopancreas of freshwater crayfish were significantly decreased after 10 µg/L BPS exposure, which in turn led to the accumulation of lipids causing hepatopancreas damage. In conclusion, when the concentration of BPS in the water environment exceeded 10 µg/L, the freshwater crayfish intestinal microbiota was dysbiosis and the hepatopancreas metabolism was disturbed.