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Related Concept Videos

LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Cell Migration and Gene Roles in the Developing Brain
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Author Spotlight: Exploring Cell Migration and Gene Roles in the Developing Brain

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LINE-1 retrotransposons contribute to mouse PV interneuron development.

Gabriela O Bodea1,2, Juan M Botto3, Maria E Ferreiro3

  • 1Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. gabriela.bodea@gmail.com.

Nature Neuroscience
|May 21, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Somatic LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposons are mobile in parvalbumin interneurons, regulated by SOX6. This mobility influences neurodevelopment and gene expression, contributing to neuronal diversity.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Retrotransposons, like LINE-1 (L1), are mobile DNA elements that can influence gene expression through cis-regulatory elements.
  • Somatic L1 insertions have been observed in mammalian neurons, but their mobility and functional role in specific neuronal types remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the programmed activation and mobility of L1 retrotransposons in specific neuronal lineages.
  • To determine the role of L1 cis-regulatory elements in neurodevelopment and transcriptome diversity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized nanopore long-read sequencing to identify L1 insertions and their genomic context.
  • Investigated L1 promoter methylation and expression of L1 mRNAs and proteins in mouse parvalbumin (PV) interneurons.
  • Assessed the impact of a novel L1 promoter-driven transcript on neuron morphology.

Main Results:

  • Programmed L1 activation was observed in mouse PV interneurons, regulated by the transcription factor SOX6.
  • PV interneurons exhibit unmethylated L1 promoters, express full-length L1 mRNAs and proteins, and show L1 mobilization in vitro and in vivo.
  • Identified unmethylated L1s near PV interneuron genes, including a novel L1 promoter-driven Caps2 transcript isoform that enhances neuronal morphological complexity.

Conclusions:

  • L1 retrotransposons are mobile within PV interneurons, contributing to neurodevelopment and transcriptome diversity.
  • L1 cis-regulatory elements play a significant role in shaping the PV interneuron genome and gene expression landscape.
  • SOX6-mediated programmed L1 activation is a key mechanism influencing PV interneuron development.