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Related Concept Videos

The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Dissection of the Auditory Bulla in Postnatal Mice: Isolation of the Middle Ear Bones and Histological Analysis
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Accessory tympanic plate ossicle: a new osteological entity.

Robert W Mann1, Sittiporn Ruengdit2,3, Karen Thompson4

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, The University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.

Forensic Sciences Research
|May 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hardened auricular cartilage can ossify, forming accessory tympanic plate ossicles. This rare finding, identified in skeletal remains, offers a new osteological entity for forensic anthropology and anatomy studies.

Keywords:
ectopic boneforensic anthropologyforensic sciencesossified auricular cartilagepetrified ears

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Anthropology
  • Gross Anatomy
  • Histology

Background:

  • Auricular cartilage, normally soft, can calcify or ossify due to various conditions like diabetes, trauma, radiation, or frostbite.
  • Ossified auricular cartilage is a rare clinical finding, notably absent in physical and forensic anthropological literature.
  • This study investigates the presence and characteristics of ossified auricular cartilage in postmortem skeletal remains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine ossified auricular cartilage in skeletonized human crania.
  • To determine if these ossified structures are part of the external auditory meatus.
  • To establish a new osteological entity for identification in skeletal analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Gross examination, histological analysis, and morphometric measurements of 290 crania.
  • Identification and documentation of accessory ossicles.
  • Hypothesis testing using regression analysis to assess the ossicle's impact on cranial dimensions.

Main Results:

  • Seven female and one male crania (2.76%) displayed semi-ossified auricular cartilage attached to the tympanic plate.
  • Histological verification confirmed these ossicles as hardened auricular cartilage at the auricle-external auditory meatus junction.
  • Regression analysis showed a significant change in the coefficient of determination (R^2) with the addition of the ossicle to auditory tube depth relative to cranial breadth.

Conclusions:

  • Small cartilaginous structures of the external ear can ossify, forming accessory tympanic plate ossicles.
  • These ossicles represent a potentially new osteological entity identifiable in skeletal remains.
  • Integrating forensic anthropology, gross anatomy, and histology provides valuable insights into such anatomical variations.