Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A myoneural actuator with engineered biophysics for implantable biohybrid systems.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Continuous neural control of a 2-DOF ankle-foot prosthesis enables dynamic obstacle maneuvers after transtibial amputation.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2025

Same author

Designing proteins with reduced T-cell epitopes through policy optimization.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

Prefrontal gamma oscillations engage dynamic cell type-specific configurations to support flexible behavior.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

Tissue-integrated bionic knee restores versatile legged movement after amputation.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2025

Same author

Continuous neural control of a bionic limb restores biomimetic gait after amputation.

Nature medicine·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Engineering and Characterization of an Optogenetic Model of the Human Neuromuscular Junction

Engineering and Characterization of an Optogenetic Model of the Human Neuromuscular Junction

Published on: April 14, 2022

Closed-loop optogenetic neuromodulation enables high-fidelity fatigue-resistant muscle control.

Guillermo Herrera-Arcos^1,2,3, Hyungeun Song^1,4, Seong Ho Yeon^1,2

¹K. Lisa Yang Center for Bionics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Science Robotics

|May 22, 2024

Summary

This study introduces a novel closed-loop control system using functional optogenetic stimulation (FOS) for neuroprostheses. FOS offers superior muscle force control and fatigue resistance compared to traditional functional electrical stimulation (FES).

More Related Videos

A Method for High Fidelity Optogenetic Control of Individual Pyramidal Neurons In vivo

A Method for High Fidelity Optogenetic Control of Individual Pyramidal Neurons In vivo

Published on: September 2, 2013

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

Published on: November 22, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Engineering and Characterization of an Optogenetic Model of the Human Neuromuscular Junction

Engineering and Characterization of an Optogenetic Model of the Human Neuromuscular Junction

Published on: April 14, 2022

A Method for High Fidelity Optogenetic Control of Individual Pyramidal Neurons In vivo

A Method for High Fidelity Optogenetic Control of Individual Pyramidal Neurons In vivo

Published on: September 2, 2013

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

Published on: November 22, 2021

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Neuroscience
Rehabilitation Technology

Background:

Closed-loop neuroprostheses aim to restore motor function in neurological conditions.
Conventional functional electrical stimulation (FES) has limitations in muscle force modulation and causes rapid fatigue due to unphysiological recruitment.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a closed-loop control framework using functional optogenetic stimulation (FOS) for high-fidelity, fatigue-resistant muscle control.
To compare the performance of FOS with FES in terms of force modulation and endurance.

Main Methods:

Characterized the force modulation properties of FOS, comparing recruitment and modulation ranges to FES.
Developed a neuromuscular model to describe the dynamics of optogenetically stimulated muscle.
Implemented and tested a real-time closed-loop control system for muscle force using FOS.

Main Results:

FOS demonstrated more physiological muscle recruitment and significantly higher force modulation ranges (>320%) than FES.
The developed neuromuscular model accurately captured the nonlinear dynamics of optogenetically stimulated muscle.
The FOS-based closed-loop system achieved improved real-time muscle force control, enhanced performance, and greater fatigue resistance compared to FES.

Conclusions:

Functional optogenetic stimulation (FOS) provides a more physiological and effective method for muscle activation in neuroprosthetics.
This framework enables high-fidelity muscle force modulation and significantly improves fatigue resistance.
The study lays the groundwork for advanced, fatigue-resistant neuroprostheses and biohybrid robots controlled by optogenetics.