Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

55.1K
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
55.1K
Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

328
Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
328
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

2.5K
Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over...
2.5K
Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)01:32

Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)

2.5K
Postsynaptic potential (PSP) refers to a change in the electrical potential of a neuron when neurotransmitters released by presynaptic neurons bind to postsynaptic receptors. This potential can either be excitatory, leading to depolarization and ultimately action potential generation, or inhibitory, leading to hyperpolarization and suppression of the postsynaptic neuron.
There are two types of receptors: ionotropic and metabotropic.
The ionotropic receptor is the membrane protein that has an...
2.5K
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

8.8K
Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
8.8K
Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

1.5K
Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
1.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A corticostriatal circuit updates subjective beliefs about latent task states.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

The Simons Collaboration on Ecological Neuroscience: Studying how the brain interacts with the world.

Neuron·2026
Same author

Temporal Structure of Reward Availability and Sensory Uncertainty Modulate Allocation Dynamics in Naturalistic Foraging.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Modeling the hallucinatory effects of classical psychedelics in terms of replay-dependent plasticity mechanisms.

eLife·2026
Same author

The orbitofrontal cortex updates beliefs for state inference.

Neuron·2025
Same author

A common computational and neural anomaly across mouse models of autism.

Nature neuroscience·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

3D Modeling of Dendritic Spines with Synaptic Plasticity
07:13

3D Modeling of Dendritic Spines with Synaptic Plasticity

Published on: May 18, 2020

6.8K

Desiderata for Normative Models of Synaptic Plasticity.

Colin Bredenberg1,2, Cristina Savin1,3

  • 1Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, U.S.A.

Neural Computation
|May 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This review organizes normative models of synaptic plasticity by key criteria for linking learning to behavior. It highlights the need for testable predictions and biological consistency in neural learning theories.

More Related Videos

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology
10:52

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology

Published on: April 23, 2019

12.9K
Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents
11:29

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents

Published on: September 4, 2015

14.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2025

3D Modeling of Dendritic Spines with Synaptic Plasticity
07:13

3D Modeling of Dendritic Spines with Synaptic Plasticity

Published on: May 18, 2020

6.8K
Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology
10:52

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology

Published on: April 23, 2019

12.9K
Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents
11:29

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents

Published on: September 4, 2015

14.0K

Area of Science:

  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Theoretical Neuroscience
  • Learning Theory

Background:

  • Normative models of synaptic plasticity offer computational explanations for adaptive behaviors.
  • Recent theoretical advancements in this field lack sufficient experimental validation.
  • Bridging the gap between theoretical models and empirical evidence is crucial for progress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically organize normative plasticity models based on essential criteria.
  • To ensure models link plasticity to adaptive behavior and align with biological evidence.
  • To guide the development of precise, powerful, and experimentally testable neural learning theories.

Main Methods:

  • Review and organization of existing literature on normative plasticity models.
  • Analysis of a prototype model (REINFORCE algorithm) against defined desiderata.
  • Discussion of emerging models and future research directions.

Main Results:

  • A framework of desiderata is presented to evaluate normative plasticity models.
  • The REINFORCE algorithm is analyzed as a case study.
  • Newer models show improvements in meeting the established criteria.

Conclusions:

  • A conceptual guide is provided for developing robust neural learning theories.
  • Emphasis is placed on the need for testable predictions and biological plausibility.
  • Future work should focus on refining models to meet these criteria for experimental validation.