Substrate binding closes the cleft between the domains of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase

Using small angle x-ray scattering from solutions of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase, we have measured the radius of gyration of the enzyme both in the presence and in the abscence of ligands. We find that the radius of gyration decreases by 1.09 +/- 0.34 A upon binding both substrates MgATP and 3-phosphoglycerate to form the ternary complex. Smaller decreases, at the limit of the precision of the measurement, were found for the separate binding of MgATP (0.30 +/- 0.50 A). Using computer modeling, it has been estimated that a substrate-induced cleft closure in phosphoglycerate kinase resulting from one lobe rotating 8-14 degrees relative to the other lobe lobe is consistent with this observed change in radius of gyration. We suggest, therefore, that the conformational change that results in the smaller radius of gyration for the ternary complex is a hinge motion of the two lobes which produces a closing of the cleft between the two lobes. The apparent similarity of the ligand-induced change in phosphoglycerate kinase to the cleft closure in hexokinase suggests that this kind of conformational change may prove to be a rather general kinase phenomenon (Bennett, W.S., and Steitz T.A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 4848-4852; Anderson, C.M., Zucker, F.H., and Steitz, T.A. (1979) Science 204, 375-380).