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Intraguild processes drive space-use patterns in a large-bodied marine predator community.

Maurits P M van Zinnicq Bergmann1,2, Lucas P Griffin3, Thomas W Bodey4

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Marine predator distributions are shaped by interspecific interactions like predation and competition. Elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) use habitats prioritizing safety, with spatial separation increasing with predator-prey and intraguild predation (IGP) intensity.

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biotelemetrycompetitionhabitat selectionideal free distributionintraguildpredationrandom forestresource selection functions

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Area of Science:

  • Marine ecology
  • Behavioral ecology
  • Predator-prey dynamics

Background:

  • Interspecific interactions critically influence predator community structure and habitat use.
  • Understanding these dynamics is complex in marine systems with mobile species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To predict and test habitat distributions of marine predators based on interspecific interactions.
  • To elucidate the role of predator-prey, intraguild predation (IGP), and competition in elasmobranch spatial ecology.

Main Methods:

  • Individual-based models (IBMs) were employed to simulate predator habitat selection.
  • Passive acoustic telemetry was utilized to track elasmobranch movements and validate model predictions.
  • A subtropical marine community of eight elasmobranch species was studied in Bimini, The Bahamas.

Main Results:

  • IBMs predicted that prey and intraguild (IG) prey prioritize safe habitats over resources, with smaller prey showing stronger selection.
  • Elasmobranch space-use patterns aligned with IBM predictions, demonstrating habitat selection based on safety.
  • Species interactions, particularly predator-prey and asymmetrical IGP, led to distinct spatial separation, while competition resulted in greater overlap with microhabitat differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Elasmobranch spatial distribution is significantly influenced by interspecific interactions.
  • Predator-prey relationships and intraguild predation drive pronounced spatial segregation in elasmobranch communities.
  • Habitat use reflects a balance between resource acquisition and predator avoidance, with safety being a primary driver.