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Related Concept Videos

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:28

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow...
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Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class IV Agents as Calcium Channel Blockers01:20

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class IV Agents as Calcium Channel Blockers

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Class IV antiarrhythmic drugs, such as verapamil and diltiazem, block calcium channels. They primarily affect the heart, slowing the conduction in calcium-dependent tissues like the SA and AV nodes. These drugs manage reentrant supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and reduce ventricular rate in atrial flutter/fibrillation.
Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, inhibits calcium movement across myocardial cell membranes and vascular smooth muscle. This results in the dilation of coronary and...
823
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers01:24

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers

738
Adrenergic stimulation generally impacts cardiac rate and rhythm. Specifically, stimulation of the β-adrenoceptors triggers an increase in intracellular calcium ion influx and pacemaker currents, which may cause arrhythmias. Catecholamines like adrenaline also demonstrate β2-adrenoceptor-mediated hypokalemia, impacting cardiac action potential and disrupting the normal cardiac rhythm. Class II antiarrhythmic drugs are β-adrenoceptor antagonists or β-blockers, which...
738
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

1.4K
The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
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Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
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Diastolic Dysfunction and Atrial Fibrillation: Recognition, Interplay, and Management.

Somar Hadid1, Mahmoud El Hajj2, Bana Hadid3

  • 1From the School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY.

Cardiology in Review
|May 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diastolic dysfunction, often linked to hypertension, impairs heart relaxation. This review explores its connection with atrial fibrillation, diagnostic methods, and management strategies for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Heart Failure Research

Background:

  • Diastolic dysfunction involves impaired left ventricular relaxation, hindering filling.
  • It commonly results from left ventricular hypertrophy and remodeling due to hypertension or aortic valve changes.
  • This can progress to diastolic heart failure or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define diastolic heart failure and atrial fibrillation independently.
  • To examine the complex interplay and pathophysiological links between these conditions.
  • To discuss current management strategies for associated heart failure.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic guidelines for diastolic heart failure and atrial fibrillation.
  • Analysis of medical history, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and laboratory tests.
  • Examination of recent literature on pathophysiological mechanisms and management.

Main Results:

  • Diastolic dysfunction and atrial fibrillation share a significant bidirectional relationship.
  • Understanding their interplay is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment.
  • Management involves rate/rhythm control, diuretics, and comorbidity management.

Conclusions:

  • Diastolic dysfunction and atrial fibrillation are closely intertwined conditions.
  • Comprehensive diagnostic and management approaches are necessary.
  • Addressing comorbidities is vital for improving patient outcomes.