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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

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Maternal Ambivalence Questionnaire (MAQ): Development and preliminary validation.

Agne Raneberg1, Fiona MacCallum1

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Journal of Family Psychology : JFP : Journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43)
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Researchers developed the Maternal Ambivalence Questionnaire (MAQ) to measure conflicting feelings about motherhood. The validated 20-item MAQ assesses five factors, aiding understanding of maternal emotional challenges.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Maternal Mental Health

Background:

  • Maternal ambivalence, encompassing mixed feelings toward motherhood, can range from manageable to problematic.
  • Existing measures lack empirical validation for assessing different levels of maternal ambivalence.
  • Understanding maternal ambivalence is crucial for addressing psychological well-being during motherhood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the Maternal Ambivalence Questionnaire (MAQ).
  • To provide an empirically validated tool for assessing maternal ambivalence.
  • To explore the factor structure and psychometric properties of the MAQ.

Main Methods:

  • Development and initial validation of the 20-item Maternal Ambivalence Questionnaire (MAQ).
  • An online study involving 502 mothers (UK, child age 0-11 years).
  • Statistical analyses to evaluate factor structure, construct validity, reliability, and demographic relationships.

Main Results:

  • The MAQ demonstrated a good fit, revealing five theoretically consistent factors: self-perception, awareness of conflict, suppression, internalization, and externalization of negative feelings.
  • Factors correlated as expected with parental reflective functioning, parenting stress/guilt, and depressive symptoms.
  • The MAQ proved to be a robust and reliable measure.

Conclusions:

  • The Maternal Ambivalence Questionnaire (MAQ) is a psychometrically sound instrument.
  • The MAQ facilitates a deeper theoretical understanding and practical assessment of maternal ambivalence.
  • This measure aids in gaining insight into the emotional complexities of motherhood.