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Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Convergent accelerated evolution of mammal-specific conserved non-coding elements in hibernators.

Daiki Nakayama1, Takashi Makino2,3

  • 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.

Scientific Reports
|May 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Hibernators may have evolved similar genetic changes independently. This study found common accelerated conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) in hibernating mammals, suggesting convergent genomic evolution for hibernation.

Keywords:
Accelerated evolutionConserved non-coding elementsHibernation

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Mammalian Physiology

Background:

  • Mammals are homeotherms, but hibernators seasonally lower metabolic rate for energy conservation.
  • Hibernation is proposed to have evolved independently in different lineages.
  • Seasonal adaptation may involve gene regulatory evolution in response to environmental cues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if convergent genomic changes occurred in hibernator lineages.
  • To identify conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) with accelerated evolution in hibernators.
  • To explore the role of CNEs in the genetic basis of hibernation.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis of mammals.
  • Identification of accelerated CNEs across hibernator lineages.
  • Analysis of gene expression near accelerated CNEs during hibernation.

Main Results:

  • Accelerated CNEs are prevalent in hibernator lineages.
  • Genes near accelerated CNEs are involved in gene regulation and cell-fate determination.
  • These findings suggest common molecular mechanisms underlying hibernation.

Conclusions:

  • The molecular mechanisms controlling hibernation likely evolved convergently across mammalian lineages.
  • Accelerated CNEs may play a crucial role in the genetic adaptation to hibernation.
  • This research provides insights into the genetic basis of energy conservation and stress response.