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Related Concept Videos

Aging01:26

Aging

48
Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Intrinsically Disordered Proteins02:18

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

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Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
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Amyloid Fibrils03:03

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Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
Amyloid deposits were observed as early as 1639 in the liver and the spleen.   In 1854, Rudolph Virchow performed iodine staining,...
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Proteins: From Genes to Degradation02:11

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

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Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick.  Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA...
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Regulated Protein Degradation02:58

Regulated Protein Degradation

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It is vital to regulate the activity of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic proteins inside the cell. This can be achieved either through creating a balance between their rate of synthesis and degradation or regulating the intrinsic activity of the protein. Both these regulation mechanisms play an essential role in the normal functioning of cells.
Protein degradation plays two important roles in the cells. It helps to protect cells from misfolded or damaged proteins before they lead to a...
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Quantifying Tissue-Specific Proteostatic Decline in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Adding intrinsically disordered proteins to biological ageing clocks.

Dorothee Dormann1,2, Edward Anton Lemke3,4,5

  • 1Biocenter, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany. ddormann@uni-mainz.de.

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Biological clocks measure aging using biomarkers. This study proposes a new

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and molecular biology.
  • Biomarker discovery and aging research.

Background:

  • Aging research seeks biomarkers to differentiate young and old biological states.
  • Molecular clocks are tools for assessing biological age at various levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review established and novel molecular clocks.
  • To introduce the concept of an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) clock for assessing cellular health age.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of molecular clocks.
  • Emphasis on the aggregation of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) in aging cells.

Main Results:

  • Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) aggregate and accumulate in aging cells.
  • Protein aggregation is a key molecular mechanism in aging.

Conclusions:

  • IDP aggregation is a hallmark of cellular aging.
  • Probing IDP aggregation state offers a novel "IDP clock" for evaluating cellular health age.