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Related Concept Videos

Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview01:19

Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview

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Phase I biotransformation, or functionalization, is a crucial chemical process that converts drugs and other xenobiotics into more water-soluble forms, facilitating expulsion from the body. It involves oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic reactions that add or unveil polar functional groups on lipophilic substrates. Key players in phase I reactions are the mixed-function oxidases. Situated in liver cell microsomes, these enzymes predominantly carry out drug metabolism. They require molecular...
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Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

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In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Carbon-Heteroatom and Miscellaneous Systems01:15

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Carbon-Heteroatom and Miscellaneous Systems

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Oxidative reactions are pivotal in metabolizing numerous compounds, including pharmaceutical drugs. These reactions often occur in carbon-heteroatom systems, such as carbon-nitrogen, carbon-sulfur, and carbon-oxygen.
In carbon-nitrogen systems, aliphatic and aromatic amines can undergo oxidative reactions. Secondary and tertiary amines, like those found in tricyclic antidepressants, can undergo N-dealkylation, a process that involves the oxidation of the alkyl group. In addition, oxidative...
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Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

13.0K
In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
13.0K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

11.3K
Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
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Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability
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Development of Lab-Scale Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor as Flow Process Tool for Oxidation Reactions Using Molecular

Ursina Gnädinger1, Dario Poier1, Claudio Trombini2

  • 1Institute of Chemical Technology, Haute École d'Ingénierie et d'Architecture Fribourg, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a 3D-printed miniature continuous stirred-tank reactor (mini-CSTR) for safe and efficient use of molecular oxygen (O2) in organic chemistry. The novel reactor design enhances heat dissipation and gas-liquid mixing, enabling sustainable chemical synthesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Sustainable Chemistry
  • Process Intensification

Background:

  • Oxidation reactions are vital in chemical manufacturing but often rely on hazardous reagents generating significant waste.
  • Molecular oxygen (O2) is a sustainable oxidant but poses safety challenges (fire/explosion) in organic solvents.
  • Developing safer methods for O2 utilization is crucial for green chemistry initiatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel miniature continuous stirred-tank reactor (mini-CSTR) for the safe and efficient application of molecular oxygen (O2) in organic synthesis.
  • To address the safety concerns associated with using O2 as an oxidant in exothermic reactions.
  • To demonstrate the reactor's capability in complex multi-phase synthesis relevant to pharmaceutical precursors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized state-of-the-art 3D printing technology to fabricate the mini-CSTR with integrated cooling.
  • Engineered a high surface-to-volume ratio and jacket cooling for superior heat dissipation.
  • Incorporated a custom magnetic overhead stirring unit and a borosilicate gas dispersion plate for enhanced mixing and gas-liquid interface.

Main Results:

  • Achieved safe operation of exothermic oxidation reactions, specifically 2-ethylhexanal oxidation, with enhanced product selectivity.
  • Successfully demonstrated the reactor's utility in gas-liquid-solid triphasic synthesis of an endoperoxide precursor for antileishmanial agents.
  • Validated the improved stirring efficiency and optimized gas-liquid mass transfer.

Conclusions:

  • The developed mini-CSTR offers a safe and efficient platform for utilizing O2 as a sustainable oxidant in organic chemistry.
  • This reactor design represents a significant advancement in process intensification for green chemical manufacturing.
  • The technology holds substantial potential for broader applications in sustainable synthesis and pharmaceutical intermediate production.