Assessment of Medical Test Overuse and Its Impact on Pediatric Emergency Department Outcomes in Upper Respiratory...

Medical overuse poses potential risks to patients and contributes to increasing healthcare costs, pediatric emergency departments (PED) in particular. Often, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) cases are viral-induced and self-limiting, and they do not require specific investigations or treatment. We conducted a retrospective study from 1 December 2021 to 31 January 2022, thereby aiming to identify the common tests and factors influencing specific diagnostic and treatment decisions for URTI in PED. In total, 307 (74.9%) URTI cases underwent complete blood count (CBC) tests, 312 (76.1%) were subjected to C-reactive protein (CRP) tests, and 110 (26.8%) received urinalysis tests. Patients with a longer duration of fever and a physician's suspicion of bacterial infection were more likely to receive CBC, CRP, and/or urinalysis tests (p < 0.05). Moreover, 75.1% of the cases were classified as viral URTIs, 9.8% were bacterial URTIs, and 15.1% were unspecified. Notably, 86 (20.1%) children received antibiotics and antibiotic prescription correlated with age, tonsillitis diagnosis, CRP values higher than 30 mg/L, and a CBC of p < 0.05. Patients triaged in the second or third categories were three times more likely to be observed for 24 h compared to patients with URTI and the fourth triage category (p < 0.05). This study highlights the need for interventions to improve the appropriateness of emergency service utilization, thereby emphasizing the importance of judicious decision making in managing pediatric URTIs.