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The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
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An X-ray, or radiograph, is a non-invasive method that uses ionizing radiation to take images of internal structures. It is mainly used in cardiac imaging to examine the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, aiming to identify abnormalities in the heart's size, shape, and position, such as heart failure, congenital defects, and vascular...
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Cardiac computed tomography (CT) scanning is an advanced cardiac imaging technique that utilizes CT technology, with or without intravenous (IV) contrast, to produce accurate cross-sectional virtual slices of specific areas of the heart, coronary circulation, and major blood vessels such as the aorta, pulmonary veins, and arteries. The computer processes these slices to generate three-dimensional images. Multidetector CT (MDCT) is a rapid form of CT scanning that captures multiple slices...
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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...
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Thoracic, aortic arch and abdominal aneurysms are significant vascular conditions that can present with various clinical manifestations and lead to serious complications. Understanding these manifestations and the appropriate diagnostic studies is essential for effective management and treatment.Thoracic Aortic AneurysmsThoracic aortic aneurysms often remain asymptomatic until they reach a size that impinges on adjacent structures. They typically cause deep, diffuse chest pain that radiates to...
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Aneurysm management involves either conservative medical therapy or surgical intervention, depending on the size and symptoms of the aneurysm. Conservative management is generally reserved for smaller, asymptomatic aneurysms, while larger or symptomatic aneurysms often necessitate surgical repair.Conservative Medical TherapyFor small, asymptomatic aneurysms, particularly abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) less than 5.5 centimeters in diameter, conservative medical therapy is recommended. This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation
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Objective Methods to Assess Aorto-Iliac Calcifications: A Systematic Review.

Anna Fornasari1, Salomé Kuntz2,3, Chiara Martini4,5

  • 1Vascular Surgery, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, Parma University Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 24, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Vascular calcifications in aorto-iliac arteries are key cardiovascular disease risks. Automated AI methods for measuring these calcifications show promise for improved risk stratification and surgical planning.

Keywords:
aorto-iliac calcificationcalcium scorevascular calcification

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Medical Imaging
  • Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Background:

  • Vascular calcifications in the aorto-iliac arteries are increasingly recognized as significant risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
  • Accurate measurement of these calcifications is crucial for risk stratification and clinical decision-making.
  • Existing measurement methodologies vary, necessitating a review of current practices and their clinical correlations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review methodologies for measuring aorto-iliac artery calcifications.
  • To explore the correlation between these calcifications and CVDs, as well as clinical outcomes.
  • To evaluate the utility of automated and artificial intelligence (AI) based approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
  • Inclusion of 11 studies from an initial search of 698 publications.
  • Categorization of measurement techniques into manual methods (7 studies) and automated technologies (4 studies), including AI and deep learning.

Main Results:

  • Age, systolic blood pressure, serum calcium, and lipoprotein(a) levels were identified as independent risk factors for aortic calcification.
  • Abdominal aorta calcification correlated with CVD mortality.
  • Higher iliac artery calcification volume was observed in patients requiring reintervention after endovascular recanalization.

Conclusions:

  • A diverse range of measurement methods for aorto-iliac calcifications exists, but standardization and reproducibility assessments are lacking.
  • Automated methods, particularly those using AI, offer greater applicability and efficiency.
  • Calcium scoring assessment can enhance preoperative risk stratification and surgical planning, potentially predicting reintervention and amputation risks.