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Types of Chemical Bonds

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and formation of different bonds. Chemical bonding is central to chemistry; it explains how atoms or ions bond together to form molecules. It explains why some bonds are strong and others are weak, or why one carbon bonds with two oxygens and not three; why water is H2O and not H4O.

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Characteristics of Fluids

Characteristics of Fluids

Fluids differ from solids primarily in their molecular structure and stress response. Solids have tightly packed molecules with strong intermolecular forces, maintaining their shape and resisting deformation. In contrast, fluids have molecules spaced farther apart with weaker forces, allowing them to flow and deform easily.
Fluids, which include both liquids and gases, are substances that deform continuously under shearing stress. For example, water and oil are liquids with molecules that can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

Published on: August 5, 2015

Gallium-based liquid metals as smart responsive materials: Morphological forms and stimuli characterization.

Rahul Agarwal¹, Abdulmajeed Mohamad¹

¹Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science

|May 24, 2024

Summary

Gallium-based liquid metals (GaLMs) offer unique properties for advanced devices. This review consolidates their actuation principles, physics, and applications for researchers.

Keywords:

Actuation Gallium alloys Interfacial response Liquid metal Morphology Stimuli

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Physics
Engineering

Background:

Gallium-based liquid metals (GaLMs) exhibit exceptional properties like high surface tension, conductivity, and room-temperature malleability.
These characteristics enable their use in diverse applications, including bio-devices, flexible circuits, and actuators.
Existing literature often scatters information on GaLM actuation, hindering a cohesive understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a consolidated review of gallium-based liquid metal actuation mechanisms.
To elucidate the underlying physics governing GaLM actuation for targeted applications.
To serve as a foundational resource for researchers entering the field of liquid metal applications.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive literature review of gallium-based liquid metal research.
Analysis of physical characteristics and morphologies influencing GaLM behavior.
Examination of actuation principles and their linkage to device functionalities.

Main Results:

Detailed account of gallium-based liquid metal actuation mechanisms and their scientific basis.
Discussion of GaLM morphologies and physical properties critical for specific applications.
Clarification of common misconceptions regarding GaLM toxicity and antibacterial properties.

Conclusions:

GaLMs present versatile actuation capabilities driven by fundamental physical principles.
A unified understanding of actuation mechanisms is crucial for advancing GaLM-based technologies.
Further research is needed to address outstanding questions in liquid metal science.