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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

A Tissue Culture Model of Estrogen-producing Primary Bovine Granulosa Cells
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Is prolonged luteal phase a problem in lactating Holstein cows?

J Denis-Robichaud1, A P Oliveira2, A Sica3

  • 1Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.

Journal of Dairy Science
|May 24, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Longer luteal phases in dairy cows are not solely due to pregnancy loss. Season and corpus luteum presence influence prolonged luteal phases, suggesting a potential characteristic of high-producing Holstein cows.

Keywords:
corpus luteumdairy cowestrous cycle lengthprolonged luteal phase

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive physiology in livestock
  • Dairy cattle endocrinology
  • Animal reproduction and fertility

Background:

  • Understanding the factors influencing luteal phase length is crucial for dairy herd reproductive management.
  • Previous research often attributes extended luteal phases to pregnancy loss, but other causes may exist.
  • High-producing Holstein cows present unique physiological challenges that may affect reproductive cycles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate potential causes of prolonged luteal phases in Holstein dairy cows beyond pregnancy loss.
  • To identify risk factors associated with extended luteal phases in a commercial dairy herd.
  • To evaluate the influence of artificial insemination (AI) versus placebo insemination (PBO) on luteal phase length.

Main Methods:

  • Holstein dairy cows (≥50 days in milk) received an estradiol-based synchronization protocol.
  • Cows were randomly assigned to AI or PBO on day 0, with ultrasound monitoring of corpus luteum (CL) and estrous cycle length.
  • Prolonged luteal phase (≥24 days) was analyzed for associations with parity, season, DIM, milk production, BCS, and CL presence at enrollment using mixed logistic regression.

Main Results:

  • Overall, 38% of estrous cycles were very long (≥31 days) and 19% were long (24-30 days).
  • No significant difference in longer estrous cycle categories was observed between AI and PBO groups.
  • Season and the presence of a CL at enrollment were associated with prolonged luteal phases; early pregnancy loss may affect CL lifespan in AI but not PBO groups.

Conclusions:

  • Extended luteal phases in Holstein cows are not exclusively caused by embryonic or pregnancy loss.
  • Season and pre-synchronization CL presence are significant factors contributing to prolonged luteal phases.
  • The high prevalence of extended luteal phases suggests it may be an underreported characteristic in high-producing lactating Holstein cows, impacting CL function physiology.