Papillary Thyroid Cancer Remodels the Genetic Information Processing Pathways

The genetic causes of the differentiated, highly treatable, and mostly non-fatal papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) are not yet fully understood. The mostly accepted PTC etiology blames the altered sequence or/and expression level of certain biomarker genes. However, tumor heterogeneity and the patient's unique set of favoring factors question the fit-for-all gene biomarkers. Publicly accessible gene expression profiles of the cancer nodule and the surrounding normal tissue from a surgically removed PTC tumor were re-analyzed to determine the cancer-induced alterations of the genomic fabrics responsible for major functional pathways. Tumor data were compared with those of standard papillary and anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines. We found that PTC regulated numerous genes associated with DNA replication, repair, and transcription. Results further indicated that changes of the gene networking in functional pathways and the homeostatic control of transcript abundances also had major contributions to the PTC phenotype occurrence. The purpose to proliferate and invade the entire gland may explain the substantial transcriptomic differences we detected between the cells of the cancer nodule and those spread in homo-cellular cultures (where they need only to survive). In conclusion, the PTC etiology should include the complex molecular mechanisms involved in the remodeling of the genetic information processing pathways.