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Summary

A robotic leg surrogate was developed to test ankle-foot orthoses for bone stress injuries. While repeatable, the surrogate

Keywords:
ankle–foot orthosisbone stress injuryexoskeletonstiffnesssurrogatetibial strain

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics and Orthopedics
  • Robotics in Medicine
  • Sports Medicine Research

Background:

  • Bone stress injuries are common in athletes and military personnel, disrupting training.
  • Current methods for testing ankle-foot orthoses lack the ability to measure muscular force's impact on tibial strain.
  • Developing effective orthoses requires advanced testing to understand tibial load reduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and assess a novel actuated robotic surrogate leg for testing ankle-foot orthoses.
  • To evaluate the reliability, scalability, and behavior of the robotic surrogate.
  • To investigate how tibial strain is affected by different ankle-foot orthosis conditions.

Main Methods:

  • A dual actuation system (Bowden cable and vertical load) simulated Achilles-soleus complex forces.
  • Strain gauges measured principal and shear strains at five tibial locations.
  • A material testing system applied vertical load to the femur.

Main Results:

  • Tibial strain measurements were highly repeatable across multiple tests.
  • The stiffness of the ankle-foot orthosis strut did not systematically alter tibial load.
  • The surrogate's results did not consistently align with in vivo data when scaled.

Conclusions:

  • The robotic surrogate demonstrates reliability for testing ankle-foot orthoses.
  • The surrogate's findings regarding orthosis stiffness align with in vivo observations.
  • Further refinement is needed to improve the scalability of surrogate results to match in vivo data for future exoskeletal designs.