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Related Concept Videos

The Sulfur Cycle01:22

The Sulfur Cycle

44.1K
Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
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What are Biogeochemical Cycles?00:54

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

31.5K
The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited amounts. Therefore, these nutrients must be recycled through both biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem, in processes generally called biogeochemical cycles.
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene01:22

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

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Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.
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The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

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Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
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The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

The Nitrogen Cycle

52.0K
Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS
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Electron Transfer in the Biogeochemical Sulfur Cycle.

Xuliang Zhuang1,2,3, Shijie Wang1,2, Shanghua Wu1,2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Electroactive microorganisms drive the sulfur cycle through electron transfer. This review explores their mechanisms, ecological roles, and applications in bioelectronics and bioremediation.

Keywords:
biogeochemical sulfur cyclecytochromeelectroactive microorganismselectron transferlong-distance electron transferpili

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biogeochemistry
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Microorganisms are central to the global sulfur cycle.
  • Electroactive microbes perform extracellular electron transfer, crucial for ecological processes.
  • Diverse phylogenetic and metabolic capabilities are observed in these microbes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review electron transfer mechanisms in electroactive microorganisms within the sulfur cycle.
  • To explore long-distance electron transfer and extracellular electron transfer phenomena.
  • To discuss the role of pili/cytochrome and novel study approaches for electroactive microbes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of microbial electron transfer processes.
  • Analysis of syntrophic interactions between bacteria and archaea.
  • Examination of electron transfer in multicellular filamentous bacteria.

Main Results:

  • Sulfate-reducing bacteria and anaerobic alkane-oxidizing archaea engage in syntrophic electron transfer.
  • Multicellular filamentous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria exhibit long-distance and extracellular electron transfer.
  • Pili and cytochromes are key mediators of microbial electron transfer.

Conclusions:

  • Electroactive microorganisms are vital for the biogeochemical sulfur cycle.
  • Understanding their electron transfer mechanisms offers insights into microbial sulfur metabolism.
  • Applications in sustainable bioelectronics and bioremediation are significant.