Vitamin B1 Deficiency Identified from Incidental Detection of Hyperlactatemia: A Case Report

Introduction: Vitamin B1 deficiency poses a significant risk of impaired consciousness, with manifestations ranging from anorexia and fatigue to severe neurological and cardiovascular disturbances. Wernicke's encephalopathy, a neurological disorder stemming from vitamin B1 deficiency, presents as the triad of ophthalmoplegia, altered mental state, and cerebellar ataxia. However, these symptoms are not consistently present, complicating the diagnosis. In addition, subclinical vitamin B1 deficiency can progress unnoticed until severe complications arise. Studies indicate a high rate of undiagnosed cases, emphasizing the need for early detection and intervention. Case presentation: We present the case of a 65-year-old man in whom hyperlactatemia was incidentally detected, leading to the diagnosis of vitamin B1 deficiency. The patient, presenting with vertigo and vomiting, had been eating boxed lunches bought from convenience stores following the death of his wife 3 years earlier. Vertigo gradually improved with rest, but the persistence of hyperlactatemia prompted further investigation, revealing low vitamin B1 levels and high pyruvate levels. Treatment with dietary adjustments and supplements significantly improved his symptoms. Discussion: In this case, hyperlactatemia was found in a vertigo patient, revealing asymptomatic vitamin B1 deficiency. Elevated lactate is often linked with conditions like sepsis but can also stem from overlooked factors such as low vitamin B1 levels due to poor diet habits like consuming fried foods. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of considering vitamin B1 deficiency in patients with unexplained hyperlactatemia, even in high-income countries. Early detection can prevent progression to the severe complications associated with Wernicke's encephalopathy. Proactive measurement of lactate levels in at-risk populations may facilitate early diagnosis and intervention, ultimately improving patient outcomes.