Analyzing Sustainable 3D Printing Processes: Mechanical, Thermal, and Crystallographic Insights

In this study, the objective was to optimize energy consumption in the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing process via a detailed analysis of printing parameters. By utilizing thermal analysis techniques, this research aimed to identify lower printing temperatures that could lead to reduced energy usage. Experimental analysis was conducted using a three-level L9 Taguchi orthogonal array, which involved a systematic combination of different extruder temperatures and cooling fan capacities. Furthermore, the research incorporated differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods to analyze the thermal properties and crystallinity of the 3D-printed specimens. The results indicated that temperature was a key factor affecting crystallinity, with samples printed at 190 °C and 60% fan capacity showing the highest mean values. By conducting a multi-objective desirability analysis, the optimal conditions for maximizing ultimate tensile strength (UTS), tensile modulus, and elongation at break while minimizing energy consumption for PLA 3D-printed samples were determined to be a temperature of 180 °C and a fan speed of 80%.