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Constitutional Isomers of Alkanes02:18

Constitutional Isomers of Alkanes

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Organic compounds of the same molecular formula can have different structural formulas called constitutional isomers, and the phenomenon is known as constitutional isomerism. Alkanes with four or more carbons showing multiple structures with the same molecular formula thereby exhibit constitutional isomerism.
The linear isomer of an alkane is prefixed by the term “n”; hence a linear isomer of pentane is known as n-pentane. Based on the type of branching, some of the...
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Mass Spectrometry: Long-Chain Alkane Fragmentation01:18

Mass Spectrometry: Long-Chain Alkane Fragmentation

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The molecular ions of linear alkanes prefer to fragment at the carbon-carbon bond away from the end of the chain since the cleavage of an inner bond creates a stable carbocation and a stable radical. Consequently, the mass signals of linear alkanes feature intense peaks in the middle of the mass-to-charge ratio plot with weaker peaks on either end. The fragmentation of each carbon-carbon bond with the release of a methyl group in each splitting leads to prominent peaks in the mass spectra...
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Mass Spectrometry: Branched Alkane Fragmentation01:29

Mass Spectrometry: Branched Alkane Fragmentation

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This lesson delves into the mass spectrometry of branched alkane fragmentation. Branched alkanes possess secondary or tertiary carbon atoms, which generate relatively stable carbocations if the cleavage occurs at the branching point. The high stability of carbocations drives the instant fragmentation of branched alkanes. Accordingly, the branched alkane's molecular ion peak is very weak or invisible in the mass spectra, especially in comparison to a linear alkane.
979
Nomenclature of Alkanes02:22

Nomenclature of Alkanes

21.8K
In the late 19th-century, the number of new chemical compounds discovered increased tremendously. Hence, the necessity arose to develop a naming system for the systematic nomenclature of these newly discovered compounds. IUPAC (International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry), established in 1919, sets rules for the nomenclature.
The alkane nomenclature considers the length of the carbon chain, the number, and the location of the substituent to arrive at its systematic name. The IUPAC...
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Physical Properties of Alkanes02:33

Physical Properties of Alkanes

10.9K
Alkanes are nonpolar molecules due to the presence of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. The electronegativity difference between carbon and hydrogen is minimal, and hence alkanes have a zero dipole moment. This leads to the presence of only dispersion forces between the molecules. The strength of dispersion forces is dependent on the surface area of the molecules on which they act. Since the surface area increases with the molecular length for straight-chain alkanes, the dispersion forces also...
10.9K
IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching01:24

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

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In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in...
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N-alkane shape distinctive microbial patterns in Kuroshio Extension.

Xin Hu1, Shanshan Zhao1, Haoshuai Li1

  • 1Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266100, China; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266100, China.

Environment International
|May 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Marine microorganisms drive elemental cycling, with n-alkane biomarkers interacting with heterotrophic prokaryotes in the Kuroshio Extension. Bacteria and algae are key sources, influencing oceanographic patterns.

Keywords:
BiomarkerFunctional enzymeKuroshio extensionMicrobial communityN-alkane

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Area of Science:

  • Marine microbial ecology
  • Biogeochemical cycling
  • Organic geochemistry

Background:

  • Marine microorganisms are crucial for elemental cycling.
  • The relationship between heterotrophic prokaryotes and n-alkanes in the Kuroshio Extension is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the sources of n-alkanes and associated microorganisms in the Kuroshio Extension.
  • To understand the role of n-alkanes as biomarkers in marine environments.

Main Methods:

  • Categorized the Kuroshio Extension into Cold Water Area (CWA), Mixed Area (MA), and Warm Water Area (WWA) based on temperature and nutrients.
  • Collected 49 surface water and sediment samples over two years.
  • Analyzed n-alkane concentrations and identified microbial communities, including specific genes like alkB and alkR.

Main Results:

  • Total n-alkane concentrations (Σn-Alk) were significantly higher in the Mixed Area (MA) of surface water compared to CWA and WWA.
  • Σn-Alk in surface sediments increased from north to south.
  • Bacteria and algae were identified as the primary sources of n-alkanes.
  • Proteobacteria was widespread across all areas.
  • Rhodobacteraceae (with alkB) influenced n-alkane levels in surface water, while Gammaproteobacteria (with alkB and alkR) were key in surface sediments.

Conclusions:

  • N-alkanes serve as an energy source for specific marine microorganisms.
  • The distribution and concentration of n-alkanes are linked to microbial communities and oceanographic conditions.
  • This study elucidates the interaction between n-alkanes and prokaryotes, contributing to understanding marine elemental cycling.