Enhanced sensitivity of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to environmental concentrations of...

As emerging contaminants, antibiotics are frequently present in various environments, particularly rivers, albeit often at sublethal concentrations (ng/L∼μg/L). Assessing the risk associated with these low levels, which are far below the lethal threshold for most organisms, remains challenging. In this study, using microcosms containing planktonic bacteria and biofilm, we examined how antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in different physical states, including intracellular ARGs (iARGs) and extracellular ARGs (eARGs) responded to these low-level antibiotics. Our findings reveal a positive correlation between sub-lethal antibiotic exposure (ranging from 0.1 to 10 μg/L) and increased prevalence (measured as ARG copies/16s rDNA) of both iARGs and eARGs in planktonic bacteria. Notably, eARGs demonstrated greater sensitivity to antibiotic exposure compared to iARGs, with a lower threshold (0.1 μg/L for eARGs versus 1 μg/L for iARGs) for abundance increase. Moreover, ARGs in biofilms demonstrates higher sensitivity to antibiotic exposure compared to planktonic bacteria. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we established an integrated population dynamics-pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PD-PP) model. This model indicates that the enhanced sensitivity of eARGs is primarily driven by an increased potential for plasmid release from cells under low antibiotic concentrations. Furthermore, the accumulation of antibiotic in biofilms induces a greater sensitivity of ARG compared to the planktonic bacteria. This study provides a fresh perspective on the development of antibiotic resistance and offers an innovative approach for assessing the risk of sublethal antibiotic in the environment.