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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
118
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
170
CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines01:14

CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines

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CNS depressants include drugs from the category of barbiturates and benzodiazepines. They are valuable medications for managing anxiety disorders and insomnia. Barbiturates, once used to induce and maintain sleep, have been replaced mainly by benzodiazepines due to barbiturate's toxicity, tolerance, and overdose risks. They interact with GABAA receptors, leading to sedation at low doses and potentially coma and death at higher doses. Phenobarbital, a long-acting barbiturate, possesses...
250
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

252
Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A...
252
Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

164
Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
Understanding the concepts of physical dependence,...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

347
Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Addiction Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Substance use disorder (SUD) presents a major global health issue requiring novel treatments.
  • Ketamine, an anesthetic, is emerging as a potential therapeutic agent for SUD.
  • Understanding ketamine's neurobiological effects is crucial for addiction treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current literature on ketamine for treating SUD.
  • To explore the neurobiological mechanisms of ketamine's efficacy in SUD.
  • To examine the implications of ketamine's psychotropic effects on treatment outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of existing research on ketamine in SUD treatment.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on ketamine's neurobiological impact.
  • Examination of clinical settings and patient experiences with ketamine therapy.

Main Results:

  • Ketamine influences glutamatergic neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, and reward pathways relevant to SUD.
  • Psychotropic and dissociative effects of ketamine require careful consideration in therapeutic applications.
  • Current literature suggests potential benefits but highlights the need for more extensive research.

Conclusions:

  • Ketamine presents a promising, novel therapeutic avenue for substance use disorder.
  • Further clinical research and exploration are essential to optimize ketamine's role in addiction medicine.
  • Personalized therapeutic strategies incorporating ketamine may improve SUD treatment outcomes.