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Subjective well-being (SWB) refers to an individual's self-evaluation of their overall life satisfaction, happiness, and fulfillment. This multifaceted construct is typically assessed by analyzing the balance of positive and negative emotions alongside perceptions of life satisfaction. Personality traits such as neuroticism and extraversion are strongly associated with variations in SWB, offering critical insights into the underlying mechanisms of emotional well-being.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Connection Between Sleep Disorders and Cognitive Symptoms in Depression
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The association between trait mindfulness and sleep problems: A three-level meta-analysis.

Li Lu1, Guangming Ran1

  • 1China West Normal University, China.

Journal of Health Psychology
|May 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Trait mindfulness, a person's inherent tendency to be aware, is linked to fewer sleep problems. This meta-analysis confirms mindfulness can help alleviate sleep issues, supporting its role in prevention and intervention strategies.

Keywords:
moderator variablesoverall relationsleep problemsthree-level meta-analysistrait mindfulness

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Science
  • Sleep Medicine

Background:

  • Trait mindfulness shows promise in mitigating sleep problems.
  • Existing research presents varied findings on the trait mindfulness-sleep problem relationship.
  • A robust meta-analysis is needed to clarify this association.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a three-level meta-analysis to explore the association between trait mindfulness and sleep problems.
  • To obtain reliable estimates of the relationship.
  • To identify potential moderators influencing this association.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.
  • Inclusion of 86 studies comprising 87 independent samples and 35,521 participants.
  • Analysis of 441 effect sizes using a three-level meta-analysis model.

Main Results:

  • A significant negative association was found between trait mindfulness and sleep problems.
  • Study design, specific mindfulness facets, and measurement tools for trait mindfulness significantly moderated the relationship.
  • Higher levels of trait mindfulness correlate with lower levels of sleep problems.

Conclusions:

  • Trait mindfulness is closely associated with the alleviation of sleep problems.
  • Mindfulness interventions may be effective in addressing sleep disturbances.
  • Trait mindfulness plays a crucial role in strengthening preventive and intervention measures for sleep problems.