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Monkeypox: Past, Present, and Future.

Gulfaraz Khan1, Nighat Perveen2

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. g_khan@uaeu.ac.ae.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|May 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Monkeypox (Mpox) is a zoonotic disease. The 2022 global outbreak, primarily in men who have sex with men, highlighted urgent prevention needs in non-endemic regions.

Keywords:
DistributionEpidemiologyMPV strainsMonkeypoxMonkeypox virusPrevalenceTransmission

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Monkeypox (Mpox) is a zoonotic viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPV) of the Poxviridae family.
  • MPV infection presents with distinct prodromal and rash phases, including fever, malaise, and characteristic skin lesions.
  • The 2022 global outbreak marked a significant increase in Mpox cases in non-endemic countries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document all reported Mpox cases globally from 1970 to 2023.
  • To analyze the epidemiology of the 2022 Mpox outbreak, including transmission dynamics.
  • To discuss the historical, current, and future perspectives of MPV.

Main Methods:

  • Review of documented Mpox cases from 1970 to 2023.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data from global health organizations (WHO, CDC).
  • Phylogenetic analysis of the MPV strain involved in the 2022 outbreak.

Main Results:

  • Over 86,000 Mpox cases and 105 deaths reported globally by March 2023.
  • The 2022 outbreak was linked to the West African MPV clade.
  • Transmission primarily occurred through intimate contact, predominantly among men who have sex with men (MSM), with limited travel history to endemic areas.

Conclusions:

  • The 2022 Mpox outbreak demonstrated rapid spread in non-endemic regions, necessitating enhanced control strategies.
  • Understanding transmission patterns, particularly intimate contact, is crucial for public health interventions.
  • Continued surveillance and research are vital for managing MPV globally.