Twenty shades of the mosaic of autoimmunity

Accelerated, inflammatory atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease have been associated with several autoimmune diseases including RA, AS, SLE, APS and SSc. Non-invasive, ultrasound- based techniques are suitable for the assessment of preclinical vascular pathophysiology. Multiple vascular and other biomarkers including vitamin D, ferritin, prolactin, suPAR, BNP fragments, oxLDL/β2GPI complexes, anti-Hsp60 and others have been associated with cardiometabolic comorbidities. The control of the underlying inflammatory disease is crucial for minimising cardiovascular risk in autoimmune diseases.