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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

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There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen.
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
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Nose and Nasal Cavity01:24

Nose and Nasal Cavity

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The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
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Bone Markings01:26

Bone Markings

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Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
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Microvascular Decompression: Salient Surgical Principles and Technical Nuances
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Case 325: Persistent Craniopharyngeal Canal.

Pokhraj Prakashchandra Suthar1, Murali Nagarajan1, Sudeep Bhabad1

  • 1From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W Congress Pkwy, Chicago, IL 60612 (P.P.S., S.B.); and College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Okla (M.N.).

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A patient with rheumatoid arthritis developed a serious infection of the brain and nasopharynx. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics and antifungals were crucial for recovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • A 76-year-old female with rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren syndrome, and hypertension presented with headache, fever, and dysphagia.
  • The patient was on prednisone and leflunomide for rheumatoid arthritis management.

Observation:

  • Neurological examination was unremarkable, but oropharyngeal examination revealed minimal pharyngeal motility.
  • Elevated inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and brain-type natriuretic peptide were noted.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed cloudy fluid with elevated protein and low glucose.

Findings:

  • Cerebral imaging revealed a preclival fluid collection.
  • Cultures from the fluid collection identified Candida albicans, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacter aerogenes.
  • The patient was treated with fluconazole, ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and metronidazole.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the risk of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients, particularly those with autoimmune diseases on immunosuppressive therapy.
  • Early detection and aggressive management of central nervous system and nasopharyngeal infections are critical.
  • Multidrug therapy targeting fungal and bacterial pathogens led to a positive patient outcome.