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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

1.6K
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
1.6K
Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

421
The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
421
Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents

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Positive inotropic agents are commonly used as the first line of treatment for heart failure. One such agent is digoxin, derived from the genus Digitalis, which has been known for centuries but effectively utilized since 1785. However, these cardiac glycosides can have potentially toxic effects due to their mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase and increasing contractility. Digoxin is absorbed orally and distributed in various tissues, including the CNS. It has a long...
570
Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers

336
β-adrenergic antagonists, commonly known as β-blockers, block the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (ADR). They have several beneficial effects in heart failure treatment. They reduce heart rate, the force of contraction, and cardiac muscle relaxation. They also slow the atrial-ventricular conduction rate and raise the threshold for arrhythmias. The concentration of β-blockers determines their effects on bronchodilation,...
336
Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

363
Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...
363
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

1.4K
The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
09:20

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

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2024 update in heart failure.

Alberto Beghini1, Antonio Maria Sammartino1, Zoltán Papp2

  • 1Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.

ESC Heart Failure
|May 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advancements in heart failure (HF) management include new drug recommendations like SGLT2 inhibitors and finerenone for diabetic chronic kidney disease patients. High-intensity care strategies and novel therapies are improving outcomes across the HF spectrum.

Keywords:
SGLT2 inhibitorscomorbiditiesfinerenoneheart failurepreventionprognosistreatment

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A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) management has seen significant advancements based on recent scientific evidence.
  • The 2023 ESC focused update incorporates new recommendations for HF guidelines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key updates and new recommendations in heart failure management.
  • To highlight novel therapeutic strategies and drug classes for various HF patient populations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical trials and guideline updates.
  • Analysis of new drug classes including SGLT2 inhibitors, finerenone, vericiguat, and semaglutide.
  • Inclusion of evidence on device therapies and percutaneous interventions.

Main Results:

  • SGLT2 inhibitors and finerenone are recommended for HF prevention in diabetic CKD.
  • SGLT2 inhibitors are now indicated for HF treatment across the ejection fraction spectrum.
  • High-intensity care and quadruple therapy improve outcomes in HFrEF.
  • Semaglutide shows promise in improving quality of life for obese HFpEF patients.
  • Further research is needed for diuretics like acetazolamide and hydrochlorothiazide in acute HF.

Conclusions:

  • Updated guidelines reflect major progress in HF management.
  • Novel pharmacological agents and treatment strategies are expanding therapeutic options for HF patients.
  • Personalized approaches considering comorbidities and HF phenotypes are crucial for optimal patient outcomes.