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Related Concept Videos

Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate01:20

Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate

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Aggregates contain pores of varying sizes; while some are completely enclosed within the particles, others open onto the surface, allowing water to penetrate. The porosity of aggregates is a major factor contributing to the overall porosity of concrete, given that aggregates constitute about three-quarters of concrete's volume.
When all pores in an aggregate are filled with water, the aggregate is considered saturated and surface-dry. If left in dry air, water will evaporate until the...
278
Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

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The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
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Waterproofing and Anti-Bacterial Admixtures in Concrete01:22

Waterproofing and Anti-Bacterial Admixtures in Concrete

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Concrete's susceptibility to water absorption is due to the capillary action within the pores of its hydrated cement paste. This action draws water in, creating the need for waterproofing admixtures to prevent such penetration. The efficacy of these admixtures is contingent upon the water pressure, with variations arising from different conditions such as rain, capillary rise, or hydrostatic pressure in structures intended to hold water.
Waterproofing admixtures render concrete hydrophobic,...
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Total Voids in Concrete01:12

Total Voids in Concrete

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Total voids in concrete encompass gel water volume, capillary pores, and entrapped air. Gel water (retained within the cement hydration products) and physically entrapped or adsorbed water are significant for the hydration process. For complete hydration, it's estimated that the space needed for the products of a cubic centimeter of cement doubles. Capillary pores constitute the unoccupied space within the hydrated cement paste, with their size largely influenced by the water-to-cement...
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Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

221
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Water Cement Ratio01:28

Water Cement Ratio

567
The water-cement ratio is pivotal in defining concrete's quality. This ratio, a balance between the weight of water and cement in the mix, shapes the concrete's strength, durability, and resistance to environmental factors. As identified by Abrams’ law, less water in the mix equates to stronger concrete. However, water is essential not only for the chemical process of hydration but also for the concrete's workability and compaction. While hydration chemically binds water and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation
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Water absorption in artificial composites: Curse or blessing?

Thomas Niem1, Antje Hübner1, Bernd Wöstmann1

  • 1Department of Prosthodontics, Justus-Liebig University, Schlangenzahl 14, 35392 Giessen, Germany.

Dental Materials : Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Materials
|May 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Water uptake affects dental composite durability, decreasing mechanical properties but increasing damping. Drying reverses these effects, indicating reversible processes without permanent degradation.

Keywords:
CAD/CAM composite materialsDamping propertiesEquilibrium stateHydrolytic degradationLoss tangentWater sorption

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Dental Materials

Background:

  • Dental restorative materials undergo environmental challenges.
  • Understanding water sorption and desorption is crucial for material longevity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of water uptake on mechanical properties and reliability of CAD/CAM restorative materials.
  • To assess the influence of thermocycling and drying on material behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Three resin-based CAD/CAM restorative materials (CRMs) were tested using three-point bending.
  • Mechanical properties (FS, ME, MR, MT, ER) were measured after thermocycling and drying.
  • Weight changes and damping characteristics (loss tangent) were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Thermocycling (water uptake) decreased mechanical properties but increased damping.
  • Drying reversed these changes, restoring mechanical properties and lowering damping.
  • Polymethylmethacrylate-based CRM showed exceptions in MT and ER changes.

Conclusions:

  • Water uptake reversibly impacts mechanical properties and damping of CRMs.
  • Material degradation is not evident; equilibrium processes govern behavior.
  • Reversible water sorption is a key factor in the long-term performance of dental composites.